Kerala Agricultural University, Admissions 2011-2012

Kerala Agricultural University,
KAU P.O., Thrissur, Kerala - 680 656


Admission 2011


Applications have been invited for admission to the following Master, Bachelor and Doctoral Programmes of Kerala Agricultural University for Academic Year 2011-12.


A. Regular PG Programme
1. MSc (Ag.) / MSc(Hort) / MSc(Forestry) / MSc(C&B) / MSc Home Science / MTech (Ag.Engg.)

Eligibility
a) MSc Agriculture:

A bachelor’s degree in the respective subject or a qualification recognised by Kerala Agricultural University as equivalent thereto with an OGPA of 7.0 out of 10.0 or 2.25 out of 4.00 or an aggregate of 50.00% marks in the traditional system. In the case of SC / ST candidates an OGPA of 6.5 out of 10.0 or 2.00 out of 4.00 or an aggregate of 50% marks in the traditional system is the minimum requirement. BSc (Ag.) and BSc (Hort.) will be treated as equal for admission purposes.


b) MSc Co-operation & Banking:

Any degree of the Kerala Agricultural University or a qualification recognised by the Kerala Agricultural University as equivalent thereto with an OGPA of 7.0 out of 10.0 or 2.25 out of 4.00 or at least 50.00% marks as per the traditional system. In the case of SC / ST candidates, an OGPA of 6.5/10.0 or 2.00/4.00 or an aggregate of 50% marks in the traditional system. For ICAR quota candidates a minimum of 6.0/10 or equivalent OGPA/equivalent % of marks in Bachelor’s degree (for SC / STs 5.5/10) is the requirement.


c) MSc Forestry:

A basic degree in Forestry / Agriculture/Horticulture/ BVSc & AH or a qualification recognised by KAU as equivalent thereto with an OGPA of 7.0 out of 10.0 or 2.25 out of 4.00 or an aggregate of 50.00% marks in the traditional system. Degree holders with Higher Grade Certificate from Ranger’s College or with Diploma in Forestry from State Forest College/Indian Forest College, Dehra Dun are also eligible. In the case of SC / ST candidates, an OGPA of 6.5/10.0 or 2.00/4.00 or an aggregate of 50% marks in the traditional system is the minimum requirement. For ICAR quota candidates a minimum of 6.0/10 or equivalent OGPA/equivalent % of marks in Bachelors degree (for SC / STs 5.5/10) is the requirement.


d) MTech programme:

Graduation in Agricultural Engineering or a qualification recognised by KAU as equivalent thereto with an OGPA of 7.0 out of 10.0 or 2.25 out of 4.00 or 50.00% marks in traditional system. In the case of SC / ST candidates, an OGPA of 6.5/10.0 or 2.00/4.00 or an aggregate of 50% marks in traditional system is the minimum requirement. For ICAR quota candidates a minimum of 6.0/10 or equivalent OGPA/equivalent % of marks in Bachelors degree (for SC / STs 5.5/10) is the requirement.


2. PhD in Agriculture / Horticulture / Forestry / Home Science

Eligibility:

A Master’s degree in the discipline/related discipline from the concerned faculty of the Kerala Agricultural University or a qualification recognised as equivalent thereto with an OGPA of 7.0 out of 10.0 or 2.75 out of 4.00 or an aggregate of 50% marks as per traditional system. In the case of SC / ST candidates, an OGPA of 6.5 out of 10.0 or 2.5 out of 4.00 or an aggregate of 50% marks in the traditional system is the minimum requirement. A basic degree in Agriculture/ Horticulture is essential for admission to all the courses except Home Science (FS & N).


B. Integrated MSc Programme (5 years) for +2 students

1. Climate Change Adaptation
2. Biotechnology


Eligibility: Students having passed 10+2 level examination of various boards in India, as well as CBSE or equivalent to 10+2 level examinations with science subjects will be eligible for applying for admission to this course. The student should have secured minimum 60 per cent marks for general category and 50% marks for SC / ST candidates or equivalent grades.


C. MBA in Agri-Business Management

Eligibility: All professional graduates of State Agricultural Universities / Deemed universities under ICAR system with a minimum OGPA of 7.5/10.0 (7.0 for SC / ST Candidates). All graduates, including professional graduates from Indian / Foreign universities recognized by AICTE/UGC with a minimum 55% mark in traditional system (5% concession to SC / ST Candidates).


D. BSc Co-operation and Banking (C&B) Hons Degree Programme for +2 students

Eligibility: Candidates for admission to BSc (C&B) Hons programme should have passed Higher Secondary Examination of the Board of Higher Secondary Education, Kerala or examinations recognised equivalent thereto with a minimum aggregate of 50% marks. In the case of SC / ST candidates a pass in the qualifying examination is enough. Relaxation of 5% marks is allowed to candidates belonging to SEBC.


Application Submission:

Application forms and prospectus for admission to the above P.G. programmes are available in the KAU website www.kau.edu.in Adobe Acrobat PDF format. The downloaded application should be printed on A4 size paper. The filled in application forms may be submitted along with application fee as detailed below to the Registrar, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P.O., Thrissur, Kerala - 680 656 so as to reach on or before 07.06.2011 at 3.00 pm.


Masters Degree programme:
General category - Rs.750
Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe (native of Kerala only) - Rs.375

PhD programme in all faculties
General category - Rs.1000
Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe (native of Kerala only) - Rs.50

BSc (C&B):
General category - Rs.300
Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe (native of Kerala only) - Rs.150


The application fee shall be paid by way of Demand Draft drawn in favour of the Comptroller, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara payable at the State Bank of Travancore, KAU Campus branch, Vellanikkara.


For details, visit the link:
http://www.kau.edu/academic/2011_C&B_PROSPECTUS.pdf

NIPER PhD Joint Admission Test 2011

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER),
Sector 67, S.A.S.Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, 160062


NIPER Ph.D Joint Admission Test 2011


National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, (NIPER), has invited applications for admission to PhD Courses at Ahmedabad; Guwahati; Hajipur; Hyderabad; Kolkata; Rae Barelli; SAS Nagar centres through Joint Admission Test 2011 (Online) on 19th June, 2011.


Specialization/ Department and Eligibility:
Medicinal Chemistry

MS (Pharm.) [Medicinal Chemistry / Natural Products]; MPharm (Pharmaceutical Chemistry); MTech (Pharm.) (Bulk Drugs); MSc (Organic Chemistry)


Natural Products

MS (Pharm.) [Natural Products / Medicinal Chemistry / Traditional Medicine]; MPharm [Pharmaceutical Chemistry / Pharmacognosy]; MTech(Pharm.)
(Bulk Drugs); MSc (Organic Chemistry)


Pharmaceutical Analysis

MS (Pharm.) (Pharmaceutical Analysis); MPharm (Pharmaceutical Analysis); MSc (Organic / Analytical Chemistry)



Pharmacology & Toxicology
MS (Pharm.) [Pharmacology & Toxicology / Biotechnology/Regulatory Toxicology]; MPharm (Pharmacology); MSc [Pharmacology / Toxicology / Zoology / Biochemistry / Medical Biotechnology / Microbiology]; MD(Pharmacology); MVSc [Pharmacology / Pathology / Biotechnology]


Pharmaceutics

MS (Pharm.) (Pharmaceutics / Biotechnology / Pharmacology); MPharm (Pharmaceutics / Formulations); MTech (Biomedical Engineering / Biotechnology / Chemical Engineering)


Biotechnology

MS (Pharm.) or MPharm or MTech (Pharm.) [Medicinal Chemistry / Natural Products / Pharmacology & Toxicology / Formulation / Biotechnology / Pharmaceutics / Pharmacoinformatics]; ME or MTech [Biotechnology / Life Sciences / Computational Sciences]; MSc in Biological Sciences [Biotechnology / Biochemistry / Botany / Zoology / Physiology / Life Sciences] MSc [Organic Chemistry / Pharmaceutical Chemistry / Computational Sciences]; MVSc; MCA


Pharmacoinformatics

MS (Pharm.) [Pharmacoinformatics / Medicinal Chemistry / Natural Products]; MTech (Pharm.) (Bulk Drugs); MTech (Bioinformatics); MSc [Organic / Physical / Pharmaceutical Chemistry / Biochemistry / Biophysics / Biotechnology / Microbiology / Bioinformatics]


Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations)

MS (Pharm.) (Pharmaceutics / Biotechnology / Pharmaceutical Analysis); MPharm (Pharmaceutics / Formulations); MTech(Pharm.)(Biotechnology)


Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry)*
MS (Pharm.); MTech (Pharm.); MSc (Organic Chemistry)

Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
MS (Pharm.); MPharm; MSc (Life Sciences); MTech(Pharm.) (Biotechnology)

General Eligibility:

Candidates should have a minimum CGPA of 6.75 (or 60% marks) for General, 6.25 (or 55% marks) for SC / ST, 5.75 (or 50% marks) for physically handicapped (PH) candidates on a 10 point scale in the qualifying examination and should also have qualified GPAT / GATE / NET. (Percentage of marks or CGPA will be based on the norms of the concerned university / Institution or aggregate marks or CGPA scored by the candidate for all years of the qualifying degree, in case University / Institution has not prescribed any norm for calculating such percentage or CGPA). GPAT / GATE / NET is an essential qualification for all disciplines except for the following category of candidates:

i. Candidates holding MVSc / MD degree
ii. Foreign nationals
iii. Sponsored candidates from Public/Private Sector undertakings, Government Departments and Research and Development Organizations.

Application:
Candidate shall fill the registration form online by registering on www.niper.gov.in

The process of online registration shall commence on 9th May 2011 and will continue till 24th May 2011. Candidate shall have to fill up all items given in online registration form (including no. and date of Demand Draft for Rs. 1000), upload softcopy of recent photograph, submit form and take printout of the registration slip , put signatures at the bottom of the registration slip and attach following:

i) a non refundable Demand Draft of Rs. 1000/-(Rs.500/- for SC / ST) payable at SAS Nagar (Mohali) / Chandigarh in favour of 'Director, NIPER'.
ii) Copy of the award letter (if any) pertaining to NET-JRF of CSIR / DBT / UGC / ICMR etc.
iii) Sponsorship certificate from industry / government sponsored candidates
Indian nationals residing abroad and foreign nationals have to remit US$100 by Bank Draft payable to 'Director, NIPER'.

Registration slip with attachments should be sent to Registrar, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S.Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, 160062, (through speed post / registered post) so as to reach on or before 8th June 2011.

Test Details:

Online test for all disciplines will be held on Sunday, the 19th June, 2011 at Chandigarh, Delhi, Hyderabad and Mumbai. Based on the performance in the test, list of candidates to be called for interview will be displayed on the website www.niper.gov.in on 24th June 2011. Interview will be held on 25th and 26th July, 2011 at NIPER, SAS Nagar.


For further details, logon to the link:
http://www.niper.gov.in/phd_joint_admission.pdf

Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Delhi, Ph.D Admissions 2011-2012

Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi


Ph.D Admissions 2011-2012


The Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) has invited applications from bright young individuals from diverse backgrounds with strong motivation and good academic credentials to pursue research in frontier areas of modem biology leading to a PhD degree in the broad interdisciplinary areas of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Disease Genomics, Environmental Biotechnology and Bioinformatics.


Eligibility Criteria:
Masters' degree with first division or equivalent grade in any branch of life sciences / chemical sciences / physical sciences / biotechnology / mathematics / statistics / computer science or allied subjects with special interest in biology; MBBS degree holders may also apply. MSc candidates must hold CSIR-UGC (JRF) / DBT (JRF) / ICMR-JRF / DST-INSPIRE (fellowship certificate should be valid as on August 8th, 2011 in all the cases. DBT and ICMR fellowship conditions should allow them to work under non-DBT and non-ICMRfunded projects also). Upper age limit is 28 years as on 30.05.2011 (closing date) which is relaxable for SC / ST / OBC / Physically handicapped persons as well as woman candidates as per Govt. of India rules in this regard.


How to Apply
Applications, available at the website
http://www.igib.res.in; http://phd.igib.res.in; http://recruit.igib.res.in
have to be duly filled in and sent electronically on or before May 30, 2011.

Selection Procedure
Candidates will be intimated by e-mail to appear for a written aptitude test of two hour duration on 26.06.2011 at any of the four test centers at Delhi, Pune, Kolkata or Bangalore. The result of the written test will be declared on IGIB website on 28.06.2011. Successful candidates will have to appear for interviews and discussion at IGIB from 18.07.2011 -20.07.2011 (till 4.00 p.m.). Selection of candidates for Ph.D. program will be based on performance in aptitude test and interview. The result will be declared on 21.07.2011. The selected candidates are required to join IGIB on 08.08.2011.


For further details, visit the link:
http://www.igib.res.in/pme/phd_admissions.htm

ICMR's Junior Research Fellowship for 2011

Indian Council of Medical Research,
Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, Post Box 4911, New Delhi-110029


ICMR's Junior Research Fellowship for 2011
ICMR JRF Test on July 17th, 2011

Indian Council of Medical Research, Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, Post Box 4911, New Delhi-110029 has invited applications for the test for ICMR's Junior Research Fellowship for 2011.

ICMR JRF Examination is the first step in the process of admission to the Ph.D/ Research Programme. The award of Junior Research Fellowship to the successful eligible candidates will depend on their finding placement in a Medical college /Hospital / University /National Laboratory /Institution of higher learning and research as applicable.
Those Indian National candidates eligible to be awarded Junior Research Fellowships (JRF), will be selected based on the National Level Examination to be held by ICMR in collaboration with PGIMER, Chandigarh at Chandigarh, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata Mumbai, Guwahati, Hyderabad and Varanasi from 10 am to 12 noon, on 17th July, 2011 (Sunday).

Number of Fellowships: A total of 150 Fellowships would be awarded of which 120 will be awarded in Life Sciences stream (like Microbiology, Physiology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Human Biology, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Biophysics, Immunology, Pharmacology, Zoology, Environmental Sciences, Botany, Veterinary Sciences) and 30 in Social Sciences stream (like Psychology, Sociology, Home Science, Statistics, Anthropology, Social work & Health Economics ).

Value of Fellowship: Candidates qualifying for the award of JRF will receive fellowship from ICMR. The value of the fellowship at present is Rs. 16,000/- per month. The duration of fellowship will initially be limited to two years carrying a monthly stipend of Rs. 16,000/- and an annual contingency grant of Rs.20,000/-.

The progress of research work would be evaluated annually through annual progress reports. On completion of two years as JRF, the stipend of a fellow may be increased to Rs. 18,000/- p.m for 3rd year on the basis of assessment of candidate's research progress / achievements. Upon such a recommendation, the fellow will be called SRF. In the event of the Committee not recommending up-gradation, the fellow will continue as JRF with a stipend of Rs. 16,000/- per month for the 3rd year or his/her fellowship may be terminated depending on the decision of the Committee. The duration as SRF may be for a maximum duration of 3 years. More details of the scheme are given at http://www.icmr.nic.in/circular/2010/21.pdf

Eligibility: Applicant should hold M.Sc/M.A or equivalent Degree with minimum 55% marks for General/OBC Candidates and 50% for the SC/ST & Physically Handicapped (PH) candidates in the subjects mentioned. Candidates appearing in the final year examination (2010-11) can also apply. Such candidates will have to submit the attestation format (given at the end of application) duly certified by the Head of the Department/ Institute over his/her signature and rubber stamp (with address and name) where he/she is appearing in the final year examination. They will be considered eligible for JRF only after they submit the proof of having passed the Master's Degree examination with requisite percentage of marks. Mark sheet of the M.Sc/M.A or equivalent Degree must be submitted to ICMR, latest by 30th September 2011.

The upper age limit for admission to the eligibility test is 28 years as on 30.9.2011, relaxable up to 5 years in case of candidates belonging to SC/ST/PH and female candidates and 3 years in the case of OBC.

Application: Information bulletin containing the application form and other details can be downloaded from the website of PGIMER http://pgimer.nic.in or from the website of ICMR New Delhi, www.icmr.nic.in

Application can be submitted in the downloaded form together with requisite fee by way of a Demand Draft, drawn in the name of DIRECTOR, PGIMER, Chandigarh. The prescribed application form along with Information Brochure will also be available from the Office of Registrar, PGIMER, Chandigarh-160012 at the counter (Room No. 309, 3rd Floor, Kairon Admn Block ) & ICMR, New Delhi, from 10.30 am to 12.30 pm and from 2.30 pm to 3.30 pm, on all working days except Saturdays on payment of Rs. 500/- for General & OBC and Rs. 300/- for SC/ST/PH applicants, by way of cash. On Saturdays, forms will be available only at PGIMER, Chandigarh from 10.30 am to 12 noon.

They can also be obtained by Post, by sending a request, to reach latest by 14.05.2011, along with a self addressed thick envelope of size 8” x10”, bearing Postal stamps worth Rs. 50/-afixed, and a Bank Draft of Rs. 500/- for General & OBC and Rs. 300/- for SC/ST/PH, drawn in favour of ‘DIRECTOR,PGIMER, Chandigarh’, preferably from any SBI Branch payable at SBI Medical Institute Branch (Code No. 1524), Chandigarh, in an envelope with the words, ‘Application form ICMR-JRF Exam -2011’, inscribed on the envelope. SC/ST/OBC/PH candidates should submit a copy of the certificate from the competent authority in English or Hindi along with Bank Draft. A physically handicapped (PH) person should submit along with his/her application a copy of certificate about being handicapped obtained from a government hospital/Medical Board duly attested by the Gazetted Officer with the request for application form. Candidates may preserve photocopy of the Bank Draft for further reference.

Completed Application form must reach ‘The Registrar, PGIMER, Chandigarh-160012’ by Registered/Speed post on or before 17.05.2011. Candidates from remote areas /regions may submit their application forms duly completed latest by 21.05.2011. Applicants should enclose one self addressed envelope with stamps worth Rs.10/- affixed on it.

Test: ICMR JRF Test will consist of one paper of 2 hours duration having 2 Sections withy all the questions in English only. Section A, the Aptitude Section, which is compulsory for all, will have 50 questions on (i) Scientific Phenomenon in everyday life (ii) General Knowledge in Sciences and (iii) Common Statistics. All these questions are compulsory with each carrying 1 mark.

Section B & C will be the subject Specific Section. Section B would be the Life Sciences section and Section C, Social Sciences. Subjects covered under Life Sciences include Microbiology, Physiology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Human Biology, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Biophysics, Immunology, Pharmacology, Zoology, Botany, Environmental Sciences and Veterinary Sciences. Subjects covered under Social Sciences include Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work, Home Sciences, Statistics & Health Economics.

Applicants are required to indicate the option for Section B or C in the application form. Each section would have 100 questions and the candidate has to attempt any 75 questions in the predestined area of Section B or C. Each question carries one mark. Negative marking at the rate of 0.25 will be made for each of the wrong answer. A candidate under General/OBC Category need to score 55% marks and those in the SC/ST and Physically Handicapped category, 50% in both the sections (A and B or A and C). Syllabus will be as prescribed by UGC. Sample question paper for ICMR JRF Examination is available on PGI/ICMR website.

For more details, see www.icmr.nic.in/jrf.htm

Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology (SLIET), MSc/ PhD Admissions 2011-2012

Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology (SLIET), Longowal - 148 106, District Sangrur (Punjab)



MSc/ PhD Admissions 2011-2012


Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Punjab has invited applications for admission to MSc & PhD Programmes of 2011-12 through Entrance Test on June 26, 2011 (Sunday).


Disciplines:
PhD
Chemical Technology (PhD -CT)
Food Engineering & technology (PhD. FET)
Chemistry (PhD -CHY)
Management (PhD.-MGT)
omputer Science & Engineering (PhD -CSE)
Mathematics (PhD. - MTH)
Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering (PhD -EIE)
Mechanical Engineering (PhD -ME)
lectronics & Communication Engineering (PhD -ECE)
Physics (PhD-PHY)
English (PhD. -ENG)
MSc
MSc in Physics (PG-PHY)
MSc in Chemistry (PG-CHY)
MSc in Mathematics (PG-MATH)
Entry Qualification:

1. MSc Courses: The minimum qualification for admission to Master of Science (MSc) Programmes will be open to a candidate who obtains at least 50% marks (45% in case of candidates belonging to reserved categories) in the aggregate in qualifying examination as mentioned hereunder:

(i) MSc(Physics) - Full Time : Recognized Bachelor’s Degree with Physics as main subject.
(ii) MSc(Chemistry) - Full Time : Recognized Bachelor’s Degree with Chemistry as main subject.
(iii) MSc(Mathematics) - Full Time: Recognized Bachelor’s Degree (BA / BSc) with Mathematics

2. PhD. Programmes: Master’s Degree in Engineering / Technology / Science / Humanities / Management with 55% of marks (50% for SC / ST)

Application Fee for SLIET Entrance Test:
For Admission to MSc and PhD. Programmes, the Application Form can be downloaded from the web link:
http://www.sliet.ac.in/Rti/ApplicationForm_MSc_PhD_2011.pdf
The duly filled-in Application Form should be submitted alongwith a Fee of Rs. 600/- (Rs.300/- for SC / ST Candidates).
The Fee can be deposited by any of the following means:
(i) By Cash at Accounts Section Cash Counter at SLIET, Longowal OR

(ii) By Demand Draft in favour of 'DIRECTOR SLIET' payable at Longowal / Sangrur
(Demand Draft should be preferably of Central Bank of India OR State Bank of India OR Oriental Bank of Commerce OR Punjab National Bank OR State Bank of Patiala OR ICICI Bank).



The Application Form complete in all respects must reach the Office of Chairman, SLIET Entrance Test (SET)-2011, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology (SLIET), Longowal - 148 106, District Sangrur (Punjab). by 30th May, 2011.


For details, visit the website link:
http://www.sliet.ac.in/Rti/Information_Brochure_MSc_PhD_2011.pdf

ridiculous medicaid programs

I wonder whose idea it was to start a program called NET (nonemergency transportation) for medicaid recipients. This program provides cab rides to clinics, hospitals, etc. It costs this country billions a year. In New York state alone, according to a local newspaper, 446 million was spent in one year for these rides and for gas reimbursement. Take that figure and multiply it by 50 states, an astronomical number. Hard to believe.

In this article it talks about how methadone patients can use it to go back and forth to clinics on a daily basis.

I see this being used daily in the emergency room. Young adults (who seem to be the main people using medicaid) who are walking just fine call the 1-800 number for a cab to pick them up at the ER entrance. Now, mind you if you and I don't have a car, we either get a ride, take a bus or walk home.
Even the elderly who are on medicare can't get these cab rides.

No doubt this program was started so people would keep their appointments. Well intentioned, I guess....Now of course it is being abused like all the oother programs like this. THe question is why is this not addressed when talking about budget deficits? Eliminating this program would save billions. Somehow, I think that the people on medicaid would find a way to get to the doctor just like everybody else.

Risk for Acute Confusion | Nursing Care Plan for Liver Cirrhosis

Nursing diagnosis: risk for acute Confusion

Risk factors may include
Alcohol abuse
Inability of liver to detoxify certain enzymes and drugs

Possibly evidenced by
(Not applicable; presence of signs and symptoms establishes an actual diagnosis)

Desired Outcomes/Evaluation Criteria—Client Will
Cognition
Maintain usual level of mentation and reality orientation.
Initiate behaviors or lifestyle changes to prevent or minimize recurrence of problem.

Nursing intervention with rationale:
1. Observe for changes in behavior and mentation: lethargy, confusion, drowsiness, slowing or slurring of speech, and irritability. Arouse client at intervals, as indicated.
Rationale: Ongoing assessment of behavior and mental status is important because of fluctuating nature of hepatic encephalopathy or impending hepatic coma.

2. Review current medication regimen.
Rationale: Adverse drug reactions or interactions may potentiate or exacerbate confusion.

3. Note development or presence of asterixis, fetor hepaticus, and seizure activity.
Rationale: Suggests elevating serum ammonia levels and increased risk of progression to encephalopathy.

4. Consult with SO about client’s usual behavior and mentation.
Rationale: Provides baseline for comparison of current status.

5. Have client write name periodically and keep this record for comparison. Report deterioration of ability. Have client do simple arithmetic computations.
Rationale: Easy test of neurological status and muscle coordination.

6. Reorient to time, place, person, and situation, as needed.
Rationale: Assists in maintaining reality orientation, reducing confusion and anxiety.

7. Maintain a pleasant, quiet environment and approach in a slow, calm manner. Encourage uninterrupted rest periods.
Rationale: Reduces excessive stimulation and sensory overload, promotes relaxation, and may enhance coping.

8. Provide continuity of care. If possible, assign same nurse over a period of time.
Rationale: Familiarity provides reassurance, aids in reducing anxiety, and provides a more accurate documentation of subtle changes.

9. Reduce provocative stimuli and confrontation. Refrain from forcing activities. Assess potential for violent behavior.
Rationale: Avoids triggering agitated, violent responses; promotes client safety.

10. Discuss current situation and future expectations.
Rationale: Client and SO may be reassured that intellectual as well as nemotional function may improve as liver involvement resolves.